Remember how most of us have seen various industries over the years? Big manufacturing industries will always be stable and profitable. After all, they are the only ones that can meet the various needs of the constantly growing population of our planet. The hospitality business will never lose its relevance because people will always want to travel and eat. Clothing and makeup manufacturing will always be in demand because people want to look good. 

But the last couple of years has dramatically changed our idea of which industries are more or less stable, especially in a global pandemic or financial or energy crisis. Because people mostly stay at home and spend their work and free time online, the demand changes.

We see how people are not as willing to buy cars, which immediately increases the cost of production. Airlines are sending empty planes from one country to another unprofitable to avoid losing contracts with airports. Cruise ship owners pay a lot of money for the parking and maintenance of their ships in ports. Few people visit restaurants or shops. 

Suddenly unstable industries.

But not everyone has had such a hard time. Moreover, there is an industry that has not lost and has even benefited from all these horrible events. And that is the digital industry in all its forms. Various companies specialize in developing and promoting online services, mobile applications, computer games, and the like. People travel through game worlds, try on clothes in augmented reality apps, use Instagram masks instead of makeup, buy houses in meta universes and come to virtual celebrity shows.

So many big companies have started to actively digitalize their infrastructure and actively think about changing their business model. And the culture of startups and small companies has once again become more popular. But despite the wild demand for digital services and products, not all have succeeded. So how could this happen?

Well, it largely depended on exactly how these companies approached development. Who exactly and on what terms they choose to partner with, who helped bring their ambitious ideas to life. 

In this article, we will talk about cooperation models in software development. What kind of engagement models in software development are there? What are the essence, advantages, disadvantages, and peculiarities of engagement models in business? And also how to choose the best customer engagement model for you.

What Is an IT Engagement Model?

So what is an IT engagement model? It is a model of cooperation with IT companies that offers different options of how it will provide its services and what degree of involvement in the software product development will be shared by the vendor and the customer. In general, it is the same as engagement models in the business. But here are a few more options because the product is software, specialists can work remotely, and the means to implement the project can be very different.

Outstaffing Model or Staff Augmentation Model

The Outstaffing Model, also colled Staff Augmentation Model, is an engagement model in software development when you hire specific employees with specific skills needed for a project, and you supplement your team with them. You hire them from another company, which either provides them or finds them. And it is also legally responsible for their employment, taxes, payments, and other aspects.  

Their employees work on your project, but they do not become your employees. They remain employees of the company through which you hired them. When the project is over, you need to make a new contract with the company that provided the employee if you want to put them on another project. As a rule, all these contracts are individual and, besides the basic provisions between companies, may contain different conditions and responsibilities for each employee.

Outstaffing model.

For example, you have a successful Software Development Company for mobile game development. And the company wants to create a new streaming platform with advanced features that work with big data. You have a large staff of great developers and project managers, but you do not have developers with the necessary experience in AI and ML. If this is the case, you go to Outstaff Company and get the specialists you need. Then you integrate them into your project team, and they work under your project manager.

Advantages

1. Possibility To Scale Team Fast

You can hire specialists from your existing staff instead of wasting your own time and resources looking for them. 

2. Avoid the Inefficient In-House Hiring Process

These professionals reviewed for the appropriate level of knowledge and skills. You only have to do a minimum check to see how they fit into your team and fit into a particular project.

3. Meet Specific Tasks and Solve Urgent Tasks to Meet Release Deadlines

You can supplement your team with specialists who will help you achieve goals that previously seemed unattainable. Also, they can complement the overall efforts, accelerate the work and help get everything done on time.

4. Complete Control Of Specialist's Work

Hired specialists become part of your team and work under the supervision of your project manager, so their work is entirely under your control.

5. You Are Only Subject to the Contract

You can remove the outstaffed people from the team, avoiding legal and corporate regulations. You don't have to pay him severance pay or anything else that employment law requires because you are not his direct employer.

Disadvantages

1. Extra Payment 

Outstaffing company also has to earn, maintain itself and its employees, provide quality service and have a good reputation. That's why the cost of work of all the specialists it provides is initially included adding value. And if they have to look for the right specialist for you, it can be a separate service with a separate fee.

2. Language And Cultural Barrier 

Great specialists can have completely different backgrounds and carry a very different culture and tradition to that of your company. If the company is very conservative and the work processes are not adaptive, this can create difficulties.

3. Time Zones

A specialist may be in a completely different time zone than most of the core team. When there is an active workflow, and some team members are unavailable, it can create downtime.

4. More Responsibility On Your Side

Responsibility for the work of the hired specialist is almost entirely on your company, or rather on your project manager. That is, any possible difficulties, except for the obvious shortcomings of the hired employee, you have to solve on your own.

Outsource Model or Dedicated Team Model

Outsource Model, also called Dedicated Team Model, is an engagement model in software development when you hire a whole team of specialists who will work entirely on your project. It consists of individual designers, developers, testers, and project managers who will manage the team's work. 

In doing so, you also go to Outsource company, which usually already has a set of different specialists ready to take on your project. Therefore, this company provides its employees with the working environment and tools, communication channels, corporate equipment, and accounts, etc. It is also responsible for their employment, taxes, salaries, etc. 

Therefore, their employees also remain their employees after the project is completed. A new project requires a new contract with Outsource Company, and a different team of specialists may be working on it, but this is not necessary.

Your participation in development is minimal since you are not required to have your development team and project manager. Communication will primarily be through their project manager and possibly with key developers if necessary.

Outsourcing model.

For example, you have a small offline store, and you want to launch an online store in parallel. For this, you need a team of developers, a project manager, a designer, a marketer, etc. Most likely, you don't have your staff of such specialists, and you need them all at once. That is why you need to outsource your project to an outsource company to develop it from scratch. 

Or, for example, you have a certain company that requires a certain number of IT specialists. But you want to create a new product in a new field in which your specialists and the company do not have competence. Your developers do not know the technology, and your project managers have not encountered such projects. Then you also need an outsourcing company which has experience in developing products in the area you are interested in and the appropriate specialists. 

Advantages

Management Isn't On You

You do not need to spend your own company's resources on management, but the outsource customer company will do it for you. And it will do it effectively because all the company employees are already working together for many years and the management process is already established.

Possibility To Get Deep Industry Or Business Experience 

You can get another company's expertise in an unfamiliar area. You don't have to go through their years of practice, but you can reap the benefits of their expertise right away.

Disadvantages

Lack Of Control From Your Side

Most of the control over the project goes to the outsourced company. You act as the customer, which interacts with the goal setting and evaluation of results, but not the methods of organizing work processes.

​​Need to Pass Sensitive Business Information to a Third Party 

You may have to share more company data than usual because it may be necessary to set the correct tasks and choose the means to solve them. Of course, all of this is in the contract and legally protected, but it is possible that you would like to keep quiet.

Technical Partner Model

Technical Partner is an engagement model in software development when you don't just hire a team to develop your product but hire an entire company to work with your entire company, not just to develop the project. It also helps you work out the business goals, strategy, and position of your company, develop and promote its products, provide technologies and practices, etc. You are hiring a big brother who helps you with everything and gives you all the experience in any venture.

Advantages

Of course, this approach has its advantages and disadvantages as well. And they are very significant. 

Comprehensive Analysis and Support in the Development

A solid advantage is that you get a very in-depth analysis of your business and the entire experience of the partner company. 

Creating a Strong Relationship

You have a long and strong partnership from which you can take a lot and keep a strong relationship for years to come.

Disadvantages

Lack of control

You cease to have a great deal of control over your company because many decisions have to be coordinated with your partner. 

Cultural Compliance

If your companies are not similar initiatives in their values, you will remake each other and risk losing the meaning for which you built your company.

Pricing Cooperation Models

The Pricing Cooperation Model is a payment model for the services provided by a software development company. It is much more related to the project's business goals and the company's financial capabilities than to its competence and staff. 

Pricing Cooperation Models.

That's why the pricing cooperation model doesn't determine which services the vendor company provides and can be combined with different customer engagement models in software development. There are quite a lot of service payment models, but we will talk about the three main ones because all the others are a combination of them.

Time & Material

Time & Material engagement model means that the customer pays for the actual time and resources spent on the project development. This model can be used both in the outstaffing engagement model for a specific developer's time and in the outsourcing engagement model for an entire team's time. 

This is a great engagement model in business, where it is impossible to predict how many resources will be spent because the industry is changing very rapidly, and you need to meet new requirements constantly. Such examples are startups related to AI, ML, BlockChain, and IoT.

Fixed 

The fixed engagement model implies that the customer pays for pre-agreed development time and resources. Of course, this requires careful planning and rarely goes unchanged. However, they can be minimal if the project is well planned and the industry is very stable.

This is a great model in business, where the basic standards of the industry do not change over time. For example, you need to do a digital transformation for heavy industry where you know all the types of work to be done and the amount of work in advance. Or vice versa, if it is a very project with a small budget, with no resources for long development and sudden additional works. Such a project needs to test its idea in the shortest possible time and for the available budget, possibly attracting further investment.

Hybrid

If different variants of the hybrid model, but all of them imply that some types of work can be precisely planned and the work of some specialists can be fixed in advance and paid accordingly. And some kinds of work that cannot be planned are paid for according to the time and resources spent on them. 

This model has no strict regulations and is often used in businesses where a very individual approach is needed. It can also be a suitable model in the industry, where you need to create a fairly typical product from scratch but later complement it with something unique and maintain updates.

Why Should You Care About Cooperation Models?

Choosing the right engagement models in software development is a critical choice, which in many ways initially determines whether the project will be successful or not. After all, its development consists of a huge number of complex processes, none of which can be neglected.

By the way, we have an excellent article on this topic. Top Common Pitfalls of Outsourcing Software Development will tell you how important each detail is.

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And the choice of the outsourcing models in software is not a trifle but serves as a basis for all further development. Take a look at the benefits you get by choosing the right model and what you risk by choosing the wrong one.

The Benefits From Right Choosed Model

Here are the main benefits of choosing the right engagement models in software development and Pricing Cooperation Models. Of course, if you go into all the development processes, you can list a lot more, but we have collected the most basic of them.

1. Your Interests Are Fully Protected by Law

By choosing a model that suits the interests of your business, the vendor will be obliged to comply with the terms and conditions. It will be obliged to ensure that the work is carried out precisely as contracted. 

2. You Save a Lot of Resources

Speaking about monetary resources, time, or reputation, you simplify your task greatly, cooperating in the most suitable format for your project. You save a lot of money, save your reputation and make the setting and execution of tasks the most effective.

3. You Get Only the Expertise You Need

Yes, there is no point in hiring a whole team if you lack just one key player for the success of your project. Like there's no point in forming a team from scratch instead of hiring a well-established team where the members understand each other at a glance, and their manager handles them like a master orchestra leader.

4. You Get To Do Everything Using the Best Practices Previously Unavailable to You

From business-less analytics and engineering solutions to industry insights and unique expertise, you can get a solid foundation for your project in every aspect.

The Problems May Cause The Wrong Chosen Models

Here we have also collected the main problems one may encounter from choosing the wrong engagement models in software development and Pricing Cooperation Models. There can be many more, but we have gathered the most common and critical ones.

1. You Run the Risk of Over-Expertise

Of course, there is no such thing as redundant expertise. Unless you have it at the same level or even higher, and the hired staff is in no way superior to your own. In that case, you are simply hiring unnecessary specialists who have no fundamental impact on the success of your project.

2. You Risk Running Out of Budget Prematurely

Yes, the wrong model can exhaust all the resources before the project is ready. Therefore, you need to understand very well who, for what, and how much you are willing to pay and choose accordingly.

3. You Risk Overpaying for Insufficient Expertise

Let's say that you can hire the staff necessary for the project separately. Until you realize that you have almost completely replaced your original team and only now your team has enough expertise to work on the project fully. In that case, you will greatly overpay by not hiring a dedicated team.

4. You Risk Losing Your Reputation

If you overestimate your staff instead of hiring the right team for the project and limit yourself to hiring just a couple of people, you may not get the product of the quality you expected. Since reputation is everything these days, you need to think about it first and avoid such blunders.

How to Choose a Customer Engagement Model And a Pricing Cooperation Model?

To choose the right Customer Engagement Model and Pricing Cooperation Model, you need to clearly answer a few key questions. From the sum of the answers to these questions, you can conclude which model is best suited for your company and your project. However, this is a very general assessment, and each project must be discussed very carefully.

Customer engagement model.

Do You Have Your Team?

If you don't have a team of appropriate professionals, and you will need very different ones for even a minimal project, then your best choice is Outsource Company.

If you already have your team and a project manager that fits the project, but you are missing a few key players, an Outstaff company will help you choose the right specialist.

How Well Does the Competence of the Company and the Team Match the Project and the Industry?

Even if you have your team, but they have never worked on similar projects before, and your company does not have the necessary expertise, Outsource company is likely to be the most appropriate choice.

If your team and company have been in the industry for a long time and you need to strengthen your position, add expertise, or move your project forward, Outstaff company will also offer what you need.

What Is Your Project Budget?

If you have a small budget that you can't go beyond, and your project requirements and deadlines are strictly planned, then Fixed Model is likely the best choice. 

If your project budget allows for changes in quantity and type of work, strict planning is not possible, or long-term support is required, so Time & Material will be an excellent choice for you.

What Is the Engagement Level Required?

If you need complete control over the development process, Outstaff company or Time & Material Pricing Model will be your best bet.

If you want minimal involvement on your part and only tasks and evaluation of results, then Outsource company is definitely your choice. The Fixed or Hybrid Price Model is also a great choice for you.

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How Do We Do at Mad Devs? 

  1. We approach the task comprehensively. First, we get to know the customer and his idea in detail. 

  2. If necessary, we define business goals and plans together. And when it is clear to everyone what the product should be in the end, we determine the best means to create it. 

  3. We determine the best technology stack, tools, and specialists. 

  4. We determine how many specialists and what types of work they have to do to implement the project.

  5. What budget is needed for its implementation, release, and support. 

  6. Then we make the best commercial offer for the client, which includes selecting the most effective technological solutions and profitable models of cooperation.

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Summary

Since the IT industry is very diverse, there are many options for interaction with it. You can implement any idea, find a company for any budget, and have any competence level. And the great thing is that it doesn't matter who you are. The owner of a huge company that needs to strengthen its positions and reliable partners, or one person with the idea that can change the world. There will always be a company that appreciates your aspirations. 

For example, we at Mad Devs are always looking for the best solutions for each case and openly share our expertise from various fields. If you fully read our articles, other materials, and open source projects, you can become an expert yourself without any help! Just visit our blog and our YouTube channel, as well as the GitHub repository. However, if you need a individual approach, our doors are also always open, and we will be happy to help bring into life your vision of the future!

Pricing Strategies in Custom Software Development.

Explore the chapters

2. Software Development Pricing Models Guide

2. Software Development Pricing Models Guide

Historically, organizations approached software development outsourcing as a black box where you throw away things you don’t want to do. The field is changing as the emerging markets have proved to provide quality and shown the advantages of higher dollar purchasing power.With so much at stake, traditional outsourcing engagement models thus moved towards partnership models. So now, businesses increasingly outsource things they can’t do.As a result, the emerging cooperation models have created numerous pricing models.However, once you start digging deeper with your research and evaluating IT contractors’ proposals, you’ll start to see not only the big difference in total cost but also the difference in pricing models used to calculate the cost.Ultimately, you may feel like companies are trying to take advantage of your lack of experience, and you can’t identify a potential long-term partner.In this publication, Mad Devs Customer University addresses your puzzling questions about pricing models with clarity and transparency.Unfortunately, it can be hard to determine the exact cost of a software development project. Unlike building products from an assembly line, estimating the cost of a software development project involves taking into account various factors.1. Human resourcesThe number of people who are involved in the project will have a huge effect on the cost of the project. You will need to hire a team of developers if you are not outsourcing the project. The size of the team depends on how complex the project is and how experienced the individuals are.Your team's work environment will also affect how productive they are. Having a good working relationship with one another will help them become more efficient. There may be issues that they need to resolve, but the more projects they work on, the more they will be able to improve their efficiency.The ability of your team to avoid conflict and work efficiently will have a huge impact on the project's budget. Make sure that everyone on the team is qualified and has the necessary skills to carry out their duties. Overworking the team can cause them to waste time and make them more prone to errors.2. Project complexity&sizeThe complexity of a software application is also a factor that will affect the cost of the project. It can be very challenging to develop a complex program due to the number of steps and calculations that it requires.The size of the software that you're developing will also be influenced by the number of screens that will be built. Having too many screens will increase the cost of the project.3. Software functionalityOne of the most important factors that will affect the cost of a software project is the functionality of the application. Having too many features will increase the cost of the development. It can also take longer to build and test a large number of applications.4. Scope of workThe larger the scope of the project, the more expensive it will be. Although the project will likely have a fixed schedule and human resources, the scope can change over time. This is because constant stakeholder feedback will help determine the cost and the quality of the project.5. UX/UIThe cost of a custom design depends on the features and scope of the project. Having a well-designed and engaging user interface is very important for a successful software development project. The right mix of animations, visual elements, and unique navigation elements will keep your users coming back.6. IntegrationsAnother factor that can affect the cost of a software project is the integration of its features with other business applications. For example, having multiple third-party tools such as CRM will increase the cost of the project.7. MigrationDifferent migration techniques and the unique requirements of different storage vendors can also add to the complexity of the process. Having a customized approach is also important to ensure that the data that you're moving will fit seamlessly into another system.8. Extra expensesEven though you're paying for the software, you should also consider the additional costs that the service provider might charge. These costs might not be related to the developers' hourly rates. It can be necessary if the complexity of the project increases or there is technical debt.Aside from the hourly rate, there are also additional costs that the service provider might charge. These additional costs can pile up and add up to a huge bill.Some businesses will also require that they pay for the licenses that the developers will need to complete the project. Others will require that they pay for the infrastructure costs associated with buying or leasing software.Most people don't realize that there are also maintenance fees that are included in the cost of a software development project. These fees can range from minor repairs to security updates.So when we’ve covered the major factors that influence project cost, we can move to pricing models. It can be overwhelming to build software from scratch. Not only does it involve writing code, but it also involves various phases such as architecture, design, testing, and deployment.To avoid getting bogged down by the various steps involved in building a robust software solution, companies should keep in mind that there are various pricing models available. They should also be aware of the premium options that are available for their project.With pricing models, companies can easily understand what they are paying for and what benefits they will get from their projects. There are several types of pricing models that can help companies develop software: Fixed price, Time and Material, Outstaffing, Dedicated team, Hybrid, and Gain-sharing model.Let’s look closer at each of them.

How Developer Seniority Level Matters to Software Development Cost

3. How Developer Seniority Level Matters to Software Development Cost

In this article, Mad Devs Customer University addresses the main factor in the cost of software development: the software developer seniority level. The hourly rate of a top-level developer can be dramatically different from (sometimes even a few times higher than) the rate of an entry-level one. Here, we want to help you figure out what these levels are and how they affect the price.Picture it: you have a project in mind, but you have no idea what software developer qualifications are required for it. Some IT contractors offer you Senior developers (so the rate and the price immediately soar), and others suggest that Mid-level developers or Juniors will do just fine. How do you know what’s right? Your best interest is to make sure that the team working with you does not have underqualified or overqualified professionals in it. If they are overqualified, you’ll end up paying more than necessary. If they are underqualified, the development will take longer than it could, and you’ll end up, again, overpaying.The problem, however, is that the qualifications you’re interested in are not easily defined. The widespread hierarchy goes: Junior, Middle, Senior, Team Lead. But there are no universal criteria in the industry for who falls into which category. Each IT company has its own understanding of what knowledge, skills, competencies, and experience a developer must obtain to climb up this ladder.Therefore, we will look at the question of qualification from two angles. On the client side, when he/she needs a certain level of expertise. And from the developers' side, how the career ladder of Software engineer levels looks like.Let’s start with first part.

Geographical factors in software development

4. Top Countries to Outsource Software Development

Mad Devs Customer University continues its series of publications about pricing strategies to help customers in the IT industry maximize benefits in their work with contractors. Here, we will address the issue that many customers are implicitly or explicitly concerned about: does it matter where your team of developers is from? If so, how will geography affect your work with the team? What regions to choose from?First, it’s important to stress that geography matters, but it’s not the number-one factor. We want to take it off the table right away: you can find the right team for your project or organization anywhere on the globe. Modern communication technologies have made it possible to reach talents anywhere. Companies are shifting away from the traditional rule book when it comes to hiring and managing development teams, as the rise of remote work has forced many to rethink their approach. Working with a remote team can be very easy, as more data protection and distance work software have emerged.However, in some regions, you may be more likely to find a team that fits you in terms of approaches and culture. Things to consider include:And one of the main points - don’t overestimate the importance of your team’s location. Let’s elaborate on this.Assumption: countries with higher dollar purchasing power charge lower prices. In fact, it’s not always the case. Skills and experience are more important, and a high-rate developer from a developing country can cost as much as a high-rate developer from a developed country.Why doesn’t the developers’ location play a major role in influencing the cost of the software? Is it fair to pay a developer from San Francisco the same amount as a developer from Vietnam?They can deliver the same quality of work, so everything’s fair.Naturally, the towering leader in terms of senior developers’ average salaries is the United States, but it in no way suggests that the work of developers from elsewhere will be necessarily cheaper or of poorer quality.Too many factors shape average salary: taxes, cost of living, and income level, to name a few.Conclusion: check the skills and experience ahead of the actual location or the legal address. (And if you still want to narrow down your search to the region, jump right into the middle of the article.)

Red Flags in Custom Software Development.

7. Top Common Pitfalls of Outsourcing Software Development

In the early days of the software industry, developers were working alone on their products for years. And one day, their products have taken over the market and made their creators rich and famous. Of course, this was deserved. But it is worth noting that this was not because their products were the best, but rather because they were unique at the time. However, the software industry was rapidly changing, becoming more extensive and complex. The competition was growing, and the struggle for users' attention becoming much fiercer. So the market became filled with better and better products and services. And we got more and more used to the constantly increasing quality and amount of them. Now we're not willing to compromise at all, knowing that we can always find something better. This is all possible because more professionals from different fields, not only technical, are getting involved in development. Now any competitive product is the combined work of developers, designers, analysts, marketers, and managers. This is just a short list of specialists who have found a new home in the software industry. For example, when Steve Jobs was creating the Macintosh, he even invited zoologists who understand the anatomy to help him find the best proportions for the future device that fit perfectly. But the more specialists are involved in software development, the more processes it includes, and the more difficult it is to manage them. And each process must be treated with special attention. Because each of them can be the main factor of success and failure of the future product, you need to know the pitfalls of software development in general, and particularly the main pitfalls of project management.At Mad Devs, for example, we pay individual attention to each process in development. From specifying goals and the most suitable means to achieve them to using the best design, development, testing, and support practices. And this careful attention makes our customers want to contact us again and again. After all, they can always trust transparency, flexibility, stability of development, and the high quality of the final product. You can see this by looking at any of our cases.

software price estimation principles.

10. Mad Devs Software Price Estimation Principles

Determining how long and how much it will take to deliver a new software product is one of the hardest things to do in software development. But the main critical problem that arises during software cost estimation is a lack of determination on how long and how much it will take to develop a new software product. It is inherently difficult to estimate software costs, and humans are terrible at predicting absolute outcomes. However, this problem can only be resolved by transparent communication and development processes based on collaboration and co-creation. Mad Devs is a software development company, which specializes in developing highly scalable, enterprise-level software solutions, and consulting. We have been engineering our partners’ growth since 2004. Our goal is to deliver value to our customers in the long run by solving end users’ problems. For us, no two projects are the same. Each is unique in what it sets out to achieve and unique in the myriad of parameters that form its existence. For years, we’ve seen new players in the IT industry struggle to find insights into custom software development. Mad Devs has summarized its expertise by introducing Customer University: a series of articles that bring light to questions that need to be asked during negotiation and proposal evaluation stages. We believe in starting the partnership by building trust from the very beginning. Therefore, we understand that pricing is one of the customers' main issues. To do this, we explain the mechanism of project estimation transparently. For convenience, we have divided the technical process into four stages.When we receive a partnership request, we foremost assess the proposed project to see if we are a proper contractor to take it on. Several features impact our work process, such as expertise in questions, the scope of the project, and can we cover the project with our resources. Mad Devs believes that signing a contract is a long-term commitment, so it is essential to consider every detail. We believe customers' business success depends on whether we have enough expertise and capacity to deliver the project.After we ensure that we have enough expertise and capacity to deliver the product, we start evaluating the customer's product vision and check whether it has a proven record of market fit. Unfortunately, it is unlikely to build a valuable product for end-users without precise product specifications and requirements. Such projects usually involve high risks and a lack of personal growth for our developers. Instead of developing features, the IT team will be trapped in a circle of re-developing one module repeatedly and wasting the budget. Cost is a product of time and team members. Suppose you employ people for a more extended period, the cost increases. Adding more team members increases the cost of delivering the same business value. We expect a certain level of preparedness from our clients. Please note if you have the following problems: